Mating from a female perspective: Do brown bear females play an active role in mate searching?

Penteriani, Vincenzo; Delgado, María del Mar; Kojola, Ilpo; Heikkinen, Samuli; Fedorca, Ancuta; García-Sánchez, Pino; Fedorca, Mihai; Find’o, Slavomír; Skuban, Michaela; Balbontín, Javier; Zarzo-Arias, Alejandra; Falcinelli, Daniele; Ordiz, Andrés; Swenson, Jon E.

doi:10.1186/s40462-025-00553-6

Movement Ecology

Table 2 Model coefficients of linear mixed models (LMMs), treating k, i.e. the point in time when the rate of change in brown bear movement behaviour was the highest; and max, i.e. the day when the maximum value of each movement parameter occurred of each movement parameter as normally distributed response variables, and the sex, the area, and its interactions, as the explanatory variables

From: Mating from a female perspective: Do brown bear females play an active role in mate searching?

Dependent variable		B	SE	z-value	CI	R-square
k (speed)	Intercept	172.42	32.38	5.24	[149.84,194.98]	0.55
	Romania	52.43	46.13	1.12	[18.81,86.08]
	Slovakia	0.50	46.43	0.01	[− 34.69,35.70]
	Adult males	− 16.49	45.32	0.36	[− 49.59,16.63]
	Romania: adult males	− 48.71	66.19	0.72	[− 105.24,7.82]
	Slovakia: adult males	− 10.01	64.22	0.15	[− 57.36,37.34]
k (net distance)	Intercept	168.55	29.47	5.66	[147.41,189.661	0.39
	Romania	43.78	41.82	1.00	[13.45,74.13]
	Slovakia	10.85	41.41	0.26	[− 17.41,39.14]
	Adult males	− 5.56	33.53	0.16	[− 36.72,25.64]
	Romania: adult males	− 17.39	49.31	0.35	[− 68.61, 33.82]
	Slovakia: adult males	− 20.61	46.94	0.43	[− 62.55, 21.32]
k (total distance)	Intercept	170.84	49.53	3.40	[148.84,192.83]	0.55
	Romania	54.08	70.32	0.76	[20.83,87.36]
	Slovakia	1.83	70.52	0.03	[− 33.01,36.681
	Adult males	− 15.44	44.66	0.34	[− 48.17,17.30]
	Romania: adult males	− 50.30	65.34	0.76	[− 106.71, 6.08]
	Slovakia: adult males	− 10.04	63.33	0.16	[− 57.18,37.091
Max (speed)	Intercept	192.42	34.52	5.48	[166.08,218.74]	0.36
	Romania	36.29	49.24	0.72	[− 2.94,75.54]
	Slovakia	49.16	49.64	0.97	[8.11,90.23]
	Adult males	− 21.89	45.73	0.47	[− 60.51,16.75]
	Romania: adult males	− 30.67	67.47	0.45	[− 96.61, 35.28]
	Slovakia: adult males	− 46.75	64.83	0.71	[− 101.99,8.48]
Max (net distance)	Intercept	182.35	28.30	6.38	[158.76,205.95]	0.21
	Romania	36.15	40.18	0.89	[2.28,70.21]
	Slovakia	28.42	39.67	0.71	[− 3.13,60.00]
	Adult males	− 11.31	33.52	0.33	[− 46.11,23.51]
	Romania: adult males	6.99	49.70	0.14	[− 50.18, 64.18]
	Slovakia: adult males	− 22.71	46.76	0.48	[− 69.56, 24.08]
Max (total distance)	Intercept	183.28	18.82	9.79	[158.77,205.92]	0.21
	Romania	35.36	27.48	1.27	[2.28,70.20]
	Slovakia	54.71	28.12	1.91	[− 3.13,60.00]
	Adult males	− 15.96	21.71	0.72	[− 46.11,23.50]
	Romania: adult males	− 30.70	35.86	0.84	[− 50.18, 64.18]
	Slovakia: adult males	− 60.58	31.11	1.92	[− 69.56, 24.08]

The reference categories for sex and area are females and the Finnish and Russian Karelia, respectively. Confidence intervals not overlapping zero represent a significant effect of each explanatory variable

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ISSN: 2051-3933

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