Fig. 1
From: Mating from a female perspective: Do brown bear females play an active role in mate searching?
Effect of the smooth term DOY (s(Day of the Year)) for each level of sex (A: males; B: females), after accounting for the random effect of year, on brown bear speed (m/s), net distance (m) and total distance (m). The solid lines represent the predicted variation of each response variable with DOY, while the dashed lines indicate the confidence intervals. Since the response variables were modelled using a Gamma family with a log link, the estimates on the Y-axis are on a log scale. Data were collected in three European areas (Finnish and Russian Karelia, eastern and southern parts of the Romanian Carpathians, and north-central Slovakia) from 2002 to 2021. The transition date between the mating period, which typically occurs from late spring to early summer (DOY 91–212), and the hyperphagia period, which occurs in late summer and autumn (DOY 213–318), is based on the general life cycle of brown bears [21, 22]