Fig. 1

Changes in foraging trip metrics with significant year-nest oiling interactions (coefficients of interaction terms in GLMM did not overlap 0; Table 1) between 2021 (Y1) and 2022 (Y2) for tracked yellow-legged gulls nesting on Frioul, Marseille, France: a) distance, b) duration, c) trips per day, d) proportion of locations in urban habitat, e) core home range (50% KDE), and f) full home range (90% KDE). Shaded bands indicate 95% confidence intervals of trendlines. The oiled group (Y1: n = 14; Y2: n = 13) received egg-oiling treatment in Y1 but not Y2, while the non-oiled group (Y1: n = 13; Y2: n = 7) did not receive egg-oiling treatment in either year