Spatial and temporal predictability drive foraging movements of coastal birds

Foley, Madeleine; Lato, Kimberly A.; Fuirst, Matthew; Veit, Richard R.; Cerrato, Robert M.; Thorne, Lesley H.

doi:10.1186/s40462-025-00531-y

Movement Ecology

Table 2 Results of a Tukey post – hoc multiple comparisons test of an AOV analysis comparing Fréchet distances for herring and great black-backed gulls foraging in different habitats

From: Spatial and temporal predictability drive foraging movements of coastal birds

	Comparison	Value	Standard error	Degrees freedom	t-value	P-value
Herring gulls
Fréchet Distance	Urban-Offshore	0.15	1.13	174	0.13	0.99
	Urban-Coastal	0.72	1.15	174	0.63	0.92
	Urban-Multiple	4.18	0.87	174	4.83	< 0.001
	Coastal-Offshore	0.58	1.31	174	0.44	0.97
	Coastal-Multiple	3.45	1.09	174	3.17	< 0.01
	Offshore-Multiple	4.03	1.07	174	3.76	< 0.01
Trip Duration	Urban-Offshore	− 13.30	19.20	990	− 0.69	0.89
	Urban-Coastal	− 69.20	15.10	990	− 4.57	< 0.001
	Urban-Multiple	82.10	11.80	990	6.95	< 0.001
	Coastal-Offshore	− 55.90	20.70	990	− 2.70	< 0.001
	Coastal-Multiple	151.30	13.80	990	10.96	< 0.001
	Offshore-Multiple	95.40	16.70	990	5.69	< 0.001
Trip Distance	Urban-Offshore	− 5.99	3.46	990	− 1.73	0.308
	Urban-Coastal	− 19.16	2.72	990	− 7.05	< 0.001
	Urban-Multiple	14.12	2.12	990	6.53	< 0.001
	Coastal-Offshore	− 13.18	3.72	990	− 3.54	< 0.001
	Coastal-Multiple	33.28	2.48	990	13.42	< 0.001
	Offshore-Multiple	20.11	3.01	990	6.69	< 0.001
Great black-backed gulls
Fréchet Distance	Urban-Offshore	100.86	75.40	62	1.34	0.54
	Urban-Coastal	122.49	80.70	62	1.52	0.43
	Urban-Multiple	106.72	73.60	62	1.45	0.47
	Coastal-Offshore	21.62	54.80	62	0.39	0.98
	Coastal-Multiple	− 15.77	52.30	62	− 0.30	0.99
	Offshore-Multiple	5.86	43.70	62	0.13	0.99
Trip Duration	Urban-Offshore	30.01	21.2	363	1.41	0.49
	Urban-Coastal	27.00	20.00	363	1.35	0.53
	Urban-Multiple	76.73	17.90	363	4.28	< 0.001
	Coastal-Offshore	− 3.01	17.50	363	− 0.17	0.99
	Coastal-Multiple	49.73	13.20	363	3.78	< 0.001
	Offshore-Multiple	46.72	14.10	363	3.30	< 0.001
Trip Distance	Urban-Offshore	− 1.30	4.17	363	− 0.31	0.99
	Urban-Coastal	− 5.99	3.93	363	− 1.52	0.43
	Urban-Multiple	10.43	3.52	363	2.96	< 0.001
	Coastal-Offshore	− 4.69	3.43	363	− 1.37	0.52
	Coastal-Multiple	− 16.42	2.59	363	6.35	< 0.001
	Offshore-Multiple	11.73	2.78	363	4.22	< 0.001

Urban (coastal/offshore) habitats reflect foraging trips in which birds were exclusively foraging in urban (coastal/offshore) habitats, while multiple habitats reflect foraging trips in which birds used multiple habitats. Values shown in bold were significant (p < 0.05)

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ISSN: 2051-3933

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