Naivety dies with the calf: calf loss to human hunters imposes behavioral change in a long-lived but heavily harvested ungulate

Graf, Lukas; Thurfjell, Henrik; Ericsson, Göran; Neumann, Wiebke

doi:10.1186/s40462-024-00506-5

Movement Ecology

Table 3 Results of the IVW regression analysis of habitat selection of female moose (n = 51) from 2008 to 2018 in an exploratory and restricted behavioral state

From: Naivety dies with the calf: calf loss to human hunters imposes behavioral change in a long-lived but heavily harvested ungulate

β-habitat	Predictor for behavioral adjustment	HMM—state
		Restricted		Exploratory
		Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE
Distance to forest	Intercept	− 0.043	± 0.023	− 0.128	± 0.048
	Age	n.i.		− 0.006	± 0.006
	Calf fate (no loss)	− 0.048	± 0.033	n.i.
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to forest × high hunting pressure	Intercept	0.064	± 0.080	− 0.015	± 0.064
	Age	− 0.012	± 0.007	0.009	± 0.007
	Calf fate (no loss)	n.i.		− 0.063	± 0.046
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to forest × low hunting pressure	Intercept	− 0.070	± 0.030	0.045	± 0.054
	Age	n.i.		− 0.008	± 0.007
	Calf fate (no loss)	0.097	± 0.042	− 0.029	± 0.049
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to forest × night	Intercept	0.047	± 0.027	0.056	± 0.086
	Age	n.i.		0.015	± 0.008
	Calf fate (no loss)	0.044	± 0.042	n.i.
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to human settlements	Intercept	− 0.049	± 0.138	− 0.075	± 0.046
	Age	0.014	± 0.021	n.i
	Calf fate (no loss)	0.154	± 0.143	0.165	± 0.065
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to human settlements × high hunting pressure	Intercept	0.287	± 0.156	− 0.015	± 0.083
	Age	n.i		− 0.006	± 0.015
	Calf fate (no loss)	− 0.461	± 0.226	− 0.053	± 0.094
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.	n.i.
Distance to human settlements × low hunting pressure	Intercept	0.134	± 0.189	0.339	± 0.141
	Age	0.011	± 0.030	− 0.032	± 0.014
	Calf fate (no loss)	− 0.193	± 0.205	n.i.
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to human settlements × night	Intercept	− 0.169	± 0.128	0.005	± 0.050
	Age	0.008	± 0.021	n.i.
	Calf fate (no loss)	0.050	± 0.141	− 0.031	± 0.088
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to roads	Intercept	0.277	± 0.032	0.183	± 0.038
	Age	n.i.		− 0.004	± − 0.005
	Calf fate (no loss)	− 0.074	± 0.042	n.i.
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to roads × high hunting pressure	Intercept	0.058	± 0.103	0.006	± 0.026
	Age	− 0.001	± 0.016	n.i
	Calf fate (no loss)	− 0.173	± 0.242	− 0.019	± 0.045
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	0.040	± 0.021	n.i
Distance to roads × low hunting pressure	Intercept	0.029	± 0.060	− 0.044	± 0.061
	Age	− 0.004	± 0.010	0.008	± 0.008
	Calf fate (no loss)	n.i.		n.i.
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.
Distance to roads × night	Intercept	− 0.343	± 0.035	− 0.312	± 0.029
	Age	n.i.		n.i.
	Calf fate (no loss)	0.104	± 0.049	0.033	± 0.048
	Calf fat (no loss) × age	n.i.		n.i.

β-habitat denotes which habitat selection coefficients were tested for behavioral adjustments, while the predictor for behavioral adjustment shows the fitted covariates to the model. The estimate represents the estimated regression coefficient of the most parsimonious model for predicting the adjustment of habitat selection, and the SE represents the standard error. n.i. denotes “not included”, which indicates that a model containing this predictor had a Δ—AICc < 2 and was subsequently removed from the analysis. The effects of calf fate on behavior (SE not overlapping) are marked in bold

Back to article page

ISSN: 2051-3933

Contact us

Submission enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com