Fig. 3

Beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for all iSSA models. Beta coefficient estimates and 95% confidence intervals for selection (x-axis) of predictor variables (y-axis; natural landscape characteristics, low-traffic roads, and the highway) and interactions between movement parameters (the logarithm of step length and the cosine of turning angle) and predictor variables. Tortoises select intermediate values of terrain ruggedness (TRI) and vegetation index (MSAVI2) (A) and areas farther from low-traffic roads (B). They avoid extreme values of terrain ruggedness and vegetation index, and areas far from incised washes (A). Positive coefficients (black triangles) indicate selection and negative coefficients (grey circles) indicate avoidance. Coefficient estimates with 95% confidence intervals overlapping zero likely have little effect on selection. We performed one model for all natural landscape covariates (A) and separate models to isolate the effects of low-traffic roads (B) and the highway (C) on selection and movement