Fig. 4

Example of a landscape configuration across which we simulated movement trajectories. All simulated layers had a resolution of 300 x 300 pixels. The distance layer indicated the distance to the center of the landscape and served to simulate attraction. The elevation and forest layers were simulated by sampling pixel-values from a normal distribution and applying a moving window to achieve spatial autocorrelation. Simulated individuals were initiated within the white dashed rectangle, which ensured that they would not be released directly at a map border. Simulated individuals were attracted to the landscape’s center, preferred elevated areas, and avoided areas covered by forest. The black line shows the simulated trajectory associated with the visualized landscape configuration (cfr. Section Movement simulation)