Fig. 1

The combined 100th percentile Elliptical Time Density (ETD) Home Range Area from 58 elephants (18,795 sq.km) between 2011 and 2022 (grey hatching). The combined Mara Reserve (green), Conservancies (brown), and Unprotected (purple) zones form the Resource Selection Function (RSF) Zone (black outline) where the RSF analysis was conducted based on the union of spatial layers and tracking data. Within the RSF Zone were 834,138 used positions and 9,180,738 unused positions from 49 elephants