Fig. 1

Filtered GPS locations for migrating Golden-crowned Sparrows tagged at wintering sites in California 2019–2020. Spring migration locations are shown in the left panel (n = 246) and fall migration in the right panel (n = 295). Wintering sites in northern California are indicated by black stars. Purple (spring) and orange (fall) represent locations with shorter stopovers, and yellow locations represent areas with longer stopovers (at least 2 locations, i.e., >  = 3 days, within 10 km of each other for an individual bird)