Fig. 4

Effects of geolocators on return rates of 23 species and subspecies of Arctic-breeding shorebirds. Values are taxon-specific standardized effect sizes (mean ± 95 % CI) estimated from GLMMs that included random effects of site and individual. Negative values indicate that return rates were reduced for birds with geolocators relative to control birds. A value of zero with no error bars indicates that the geolocator effect was not in the final model for a given species. a Effect of geolocator for each taxon, ordered by body mass (smallest to largest). Black points indicate relative importance (RI) of the geolocator effect ≥0.80 and gray points indicate RI < 0.80. Species codes are defined in Table 1 and sample sizes are given in Additional file 1: Table S2. b Relationship between the geolocator effect and the percent of mean body mass represented by the geolocator for each species or subspecies. c Relationship between the geolocator effect and mean migration distance for each taxon. The dashed lines in (b) and (c) are fitted lines from weighted least squares linear regression